Knowledge Triangle Between Research, Education, and Innovation: A Conceptual Discussion

This paper discusses the concept of the knowledge triangle, as it has gained importance in recent years as a framework for innovation policies especially in OECD and Europe. The concept has gained popularity because it emphasizes an integrated (“systemic”) approach to the interlinkages between research, education, and innovation. In this article, we highlight the key features of this concept and try to contextualize it with other, at times overlapping, at others complementary, concepts, such as the “third mission,” “triple helix” (or in an extended understanding, the “quadruple helix”), “entrepreneurial or civic university” models, and “smart specialization.” Against this background we seek to analyze the roles, rationalities, and challenges of different actors that are involved in activities relating to each of the three areas of the triangle. Actors are the first and foremost higher education institutions (HEIs), public authorities, research and technology institutes, and private sector companies.